Complications of Chronic kidney disease (CKD)

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 CNS:

  • Peripheral neuropathy
  • Autonomic neuropathy
  • Encephalopathy 
CVS:
  • Fluid overload
  • Hypertension, Left ventricular hypertrophy 
  • Congestive cardiac failure 
  • Uremic pericarditis 
  • Accelerated atherosclerosis with stiffening of vessels 
  • Vascular calcification 
  • Valvular heart disease 
  • Arrhythmia and conduction block 
  • Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy with 
    • ↓ Baroreceptor sensitivity 
    • Sympathetic nervous system hyperactivity 
    • Parasympathetic dysfunction 
  • Complications due to A - V fistula - 
    • Congestive cardiac failure 
    • Limb ischemia 
    • Steal phenomena 
    • Pulmonary atheroembolism 
Pulmonary:
  • Interstitial oedema 
  • Alveolar oedema 
  • Pleural effusion 
  • Hyperventilation 
GIT:
  • Anorexia, Nausea, Vomiting 
  • Delayed gastric emptying, Adynamic ileus 
  • Hyperacidity, Mucosal ulceration, Hemorrhage 
Metabolic:
  • Metabolic acidosis 
  • Hyperkalemia 
  • Hypermagnesemia 
  • Hyperuricemia 
  • Hyperphosphatemia 
  • Hyponatremia 
  • Hypocalcemia 
  • Hypoalbuminemia 
Hematological:
  • Anemia 
  • Platelet dysfunction 
  • Leukocyte dysfunction 
Endocrine:
  • Secondary hyperparathyroidism 
  • Vit D deficiency 
  • Glucose intolerance 
Skeletal: 
  • Osteodystrophy 
Skin: 
  • Hyperpigmentation 
  • Eccymosis 

Reference:
Morgan & Mikhail's Clinical Anesthesiology, 6e

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